communication both within and between cells. Trans interactions between glycolipids was reported to be the basis for glycosphingolipid-dependent cell to cell adhesion which involves calcium ions [8]. The glycosidic bond of this molecule is a covalent type bond. link to 17 Hypochlorite Uses: Facts You Should Know! In addition, the pure antigens are the basis of specific serological tests for various mycobacterioses. It also plays an important role in destroying pathogens. The results showed that although MLCT could increase the . 2007 Feb;189(3):1099-108. doi: 10.1128/JB.01471-06. Glycolipids are likewise found in the intracellular membranes of organelles such the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and the Golgi apparatus and possess a number of other important inter- and intracellular functions. The most common lipids in cellular membranes are glycerolipids and sphingolipids, which have glycerol or a sphingosine backbones, respectively. Hakamori SI (2000) Cell adhesion, recognition and signal transduction through glycosphingolipid microdomain. Nirmala library, A Publishing House under the Prestigious International Standard Book Number (ISBN) System. Below is a description of its structure and how it works (3) & (6). Kolkata, (India). A covalent bond occurs when electrons are shared between two atoms. Glycolipids, for example, are important in maintaining the stability of the cell membrane in eukaryotes. Legal. The Influence of Animal Psychology on Behaviorism, Secondary Structure of Protein | Overview & Overview. Functions in Disease Mechanisms. 21 chapters | Glycosyltransferases can modify these lipids by incorporating sugars into glycolipids to form glycosphingolipids. This is the initial binding mechanism, which is followed by the expression of integrins which form stronger bonds and allow leukocytes to migrate toward the site of inflammation. Knockout Mice Steps & Function | What is Gene Knockout? 4. Glycolipids interact and bind to the lipid-bilayer through the hydrophobic nature of the lipid tail which anchors it to the surface of the plasma membrane. Shaul PW, Anderson RG (1998) Role of plasmalemnal caveolae in signal transduction. For the purposes of this lesson, we'll only concern ourselves with two: lipids and carbohydrates. Halophiles: Definition, Examples & Classification, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Biology Basics for Microbiology: Help and Review, The Germ Theory of Disease: Definition & Louis Pasteur, Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells: Similarities and Differences, Archaea: Definition, Characteristics & Examples, What is Bacteria? Mederos L, Valdivia JA, Valero-Guilln PL. Nature. J Clin Microbiol. Ceramide is glucosylated then -galactosylated extracellularly to form lactosylceramide. The unmodified antigen, called the H antigen, is the characteristic of type O, and is present on red blood cells of all blood types. Would you like email updates of new search results? Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. (1997) Requirement for GD3 ganglioside in CD95- and ceramide induced apoptosis. Glycolipids represent integral components of the cell membrane in eukaryotes such as animals and plants. Functions of glycolipids: Cells receive energy from glycolipids. They are the main components of the animals cell membrane and are abundantly found in the plasma membrane of the neurons. [1] Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response and in the connections that allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine The accumulation of these gangliosides in the neurons results in neural cell death. Carbohydrates are macromolecules consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) with the general formula of (CH2O)n. Carbohydrates are classified by their degree of complexity: By contrast, complex carbohydrates consist of long chains of sugar molecules. A majority of glycolipids are found in association with cholesterol in structures known as rafts. They are used to modify the oligosaccharide structure of the glycan after it has been added onto the lipid. Glycolipids are a type of complex lipids comprising carbohydrates, fatty acids, sphingolipids or a glycerol group. Take a look at a nutrition label from virtually any piece of food in your kitchen. Glyco meaning one or many monosaccharide particle or compound that is attached with a glycosidic linkage. Proteoglycans | Function, Structure & Location. Glycolipid is a compound lipid. ashajyoti These glycolipids induce changes in cellular calcium through the modulation ofcalcium influx channels, calcium exchange proteins, and calcium dependent enzymes which were altered through the association of gangliosides. They stabilized cell membranes by forming hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules. source@https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-013-electromagnetics-and-applications-spring-2009, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Macromolecules are large molecules that your body uses for a variety of functions. It helps in determining the blood group of an individual. FEBS Lett., 584 (2010), p. 1694. of three classes of glycolipid antigens which we have called the glycopeptidolipids, the lipooligosaccharides and the phenolic glycolipids. An additional transfer of a galactosyl from UDP-Gal forms -D-galactosyl-(1,6)-O--D-galactosyldiacylglycerol [2]. Intermediate Filaments Function & Structure | What are Intermediate Filaments? It forms a bilayer in the outer cell membrane similar to that of phospholipid (4) & (5). In glycolipids, this sugar moiety is attached to a linear hydrocarbon chain that may have branching points. Antigens which are not present in an individual's blood will cause antibodies to be produced, which will bind to the foreign glycolipids. Abstract. They are composed of fatty acid, sphingosine, and galactose. They can interact side by side within the same membrane or trans interactions between two membranes. Kojima N, Hakomori S (1991) Cell adhesion, spreading, and motility of GM3- expressing cells based on glycolipid-glycolipid interaction. The interaction of these cell surface markers is the basis of cell recognitions, and initiates cellular responses that contribute to activities such as regulation, growth, and apoptosis. It is densely located in the membrane of chloroplasts of plant cells. 9. Your body relies on glycolipids for cell recognition, energy conversion, and the linking of cells to make tissues. Glycolipids are divided into two main classes: Glycolipids possess a polar head associated with the carbohydrate portion and a non-polar region associated with the lipid component. Carbohydrates on glycolipids are the most exposed structures on the extracellular surface of cells and are flexible with numerous binding sites which make them optimal for cell signaling. They have stabilized cell membranes by forming hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules. Consequently, the surface of the cell Glycolipids are found in unicellular organisms such as bacteria, yeast, as well as in complex organisms such as animals and plants. For this reason, people with blood type AB can receive transfusions from all blood types (the universal acceptor), and people with blood type O can act as donors to all blood types (the universal donor). Arch Biochem Biophys 426: 163-172. The saccharides that are attached to the polar head groups on the outside of the cell are the ligand components of glycolipids, and are likewise polar, allowing them to be soluble in the aqueous environment surrounding the cell. Lipids are biomolecules which are both non-polar (lacking a formal charge) and hydrophobic (non-soluble in water). Plants are known to have sterols, whereas animals are known to have cholesterol. A variety of O-linked glycolipid antigens decorate the surfaces of human cells and may be involved in recognition during immune system response. The specific function of the glycolipid is determined by its chemical structure, and with hundreds of variations in that chemical structure, going into detail is likely beyond the scope of this lesson. This occurs because the enzyme required to break down gangliosides, -hexosamindase A, is dysfunctional due to mutations in the HEXA gene. This integration results in increased cell response and cell recognition. Glycosphingolipids are a class of glycolipids which contain ceramide as the lipid complex. It is an important class of cell membrane lipids that are synthesized by both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. 7. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. What you're looking at is a cell membrane, or the outer covering of your cells. Biochemistry, Biology Although they account for as much as 60% of all membrane lipids in animals and plants, their functions remain poorly understood. [4], Glycoside hydrolases catalyze the breakage of glycosidic bonds. Glycolipids are formed by the covalent bonding of a mono- or oligosaccharide group attached to a sphingolipid or a glycerol group and one or two fatty acids. Glycolipids stabilize the cell membrane by forming hydrogen bonds with water surrounding each cell. Crit Rev Microbiol. Shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\), glycosphingolipids form rafts with cholestorol to anchor GPI proteins to the extracellular leaflet and src family kinases to the cystolic leaflet. 3. Glycolipids possess a number of important functions within eukaryotic organisms. The article is a complete guide on the glycolipid structure, their location and purpose they serve. The Purple Phototrophic Bacteria. Synthesis of glycolipids proceed by a series of enzymes that sequentially add sugars to the lipid. Glycolipids are structural lipids, which are generally found on the extracellular face of the eukaryotic cellular membrane. The .gov means its official. Here, white blood cells (WBC) maintain your good health by attacking foreign substances, such as bacteria that infect the body. Epub 2006 Nov 22. Glycolipids also modulate cell proliferation associated with normal cell or tissue growth and the development of tumors. Some common sources of carbohydrates in the human diet include breads, pasta, fruits, and vegetables. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. The term glycolipid defines the combined lipids of the glycerol moiety and these fatty acid chains. These lipid molecules are found in large amounts in the brain and myelin sheaths of nerves. Functions of glycosphingolipids as antigens, mediators of cell adhesion, and modulators of signal transduction are all based on such organization. Apoptotic signal triggered by CD95 in lymphoid and myeloid tumor cells increase ceramide levels which results in the increase in ganglioside GD3 synthesis; GD3 is known to be a potent mediatior of cell death. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal These lipids are primarily found in nerve tissue nerve tissue and mediate cell signaling. Click Start Quiz to begin! Glycolipids have diverse physiological roles, including roles in cell signaling and membrane regulation, ion channel modulation, and neurotransmitter playing a role. With the reduction of ceramide, there was increased ceramidase activity, sphingomyelin synthase which is associated with the proliferation of smooth muscle cells. Structure and Function of Glycolipids. Extraordinary novelty and diversity were revealed, particularly at the distal non-reducing end of the oligosaccharide chains, marked by the presence of new branched-chain sugars, amino sugars and sugar acids. The chapter contains sections titled: Structure, Classification and Localization of Glycolipids. Physiological Functions of Glycolipids. They are also found in plant cells. Intracellular ceramide stimulated DNA synthesis in endothelial smooth muscle cells and also induced mitogenesis by platelet-derived growth factor [15]. [2] Glycolipids are found on the surface of all eukaryotic cell membranes, where they extend from the phospholipid bilayer into the extracellular environment.[2]. Gangliosides are composed of sialic acid (sugar) and ceramide (fatty acid). However, SN-1, 2-diglyceride contains carbohydrate residues connected by glycosylation in the 3rd position. Alpha-D-galactosyl-(1,6)-O-Beta-D-galactosyl diacylglycerol is, From the image shown below, we can observe the presence of the, The lipid molecules are present in the lipid membrane and they, Glycolipids are present or can be found on the outer region or the so called, With regard to the presence of the component of lipid, the glycolipids are grouped into, Glycosphingolipids which are known as the, Brain and peripheral nervous tissue contain. The typical glycolipid is characterized by a mono- or oligosaccharide group attached to a sphingolipid or a glycerol group, which can be either acetylated or alkylated, and joined to one or two fatty acids. - Definition, Formation & Examples, What Are Microbes? Glycolipids are minor components of biological membranes and are composed of a carbohydrate moiety linked to a hydrophobic aglycon ( Kopitz 1997 ). The carbohydrates groups attached to the polar head part of the outer membrane of the cell are the components of these compound lipids. It has two ends, a hydrophilic head, and a hydrophobic tail. Glycolipids and glycoproteins both are cell membrane components. The cell coat or glycocalyx is mainly made of glycolipids. Both lipids have a glycerol backbone. Glycoconj J 17: 143-151. It looks like a small soap-bubble; surfactant-based, it dissolves in water (hydrophilic), and within that bubbles small amount of glycolipid dissolves like micelle (amphiphilic). Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. [5], Sphingolipidoses are a group of diseases that are associated with the accumulation of sphingolipids which have not been degraded correctly, normally due to a defect in a glycoside hydrolase enzyme. She has taught a combination of ESL and STEM courses to secondary and university students. 2012 Mar;64(3):215-25. doi: 10.1002/iub.602. Fujiwara N, Nakata N, Maeda S, Naka T, Doe M, Yano I, Kobayashi K. J Bacteriol. Protein molecules are scattered in the phospholipid layer. It is an important component of the chloroplast cell membrane. Let us explore facts about ClO-. In some groups, glycolipid is even phosphorylated and used as a signaling molecule to transmit information from one part of a cell to another. Steryl glycosides (SGs) are sterols glycosylated at their 3-hydroxy group. Learn about glycolipids. The sugar residue of the glycolipid molecule is expanded from the phospholipid bilayer. Glycolipids are essential for determining whether cells are recognized as self or non-self by the immune system. Edidin M (2003). "Glycolipids". 6. One notable example is NiemannPick disease which can cause pain and damage to neural networks, and is usually fatal in early infancy. J Biol Chem 275: 17221-17224. Glycolipids are derived from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and one of the following fatty acids: palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid. - Types and Characteristics, Glycolipids: Definition, Function & Structure, Listeria Monocytogenes: Symptoms & Treatment, Mitochondrion: Definition, Function & Structure, What Are Biofilms? Part II, chapter- cell and cellular organelles. 28. Dichloromethane is an halogenated hydrocarbon compound with the chemical formula CH2Cl3. Glycoproteins are found on the surface of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Brown DA, London E (2000) Structure and functions of sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich membrane rafts. - Definition, Characteristics & Examples, What is Algae? . I have research experience in preclinical (Zebrafish), bacterial enzymology, and nanotechnology. The amount of sialic acid is very high in this type of glycolipid. Glycolipids are glycoconjugates of lipids that are generally found on the extracellular face of eukaryotic cellular membranes, and function to maintain stability of the membrane and to. Glycolipids are measured in concentrations on the sugar-gram scale. The article covers about the introduction to glycolipids, glycolipid structure with diagram, Synthesis of Glycolipid, location, types and function of the glycolipids. Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) illustrates diseases associated with different disruptions in the metabolism of glycolipids. This page was last edited on 23 December 2022, at 19:32. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! When galactose is attached to a lipid, it is called a galactolipid. They are glycoglycerolipids and glycosphingolipids. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. IUBMB Life. 3 minute video explaining What are glycolipids and structure and function of Cerebroside and Ganglioside.Please consider subscribing using the link: https://. The chapter contains sections titled: Structure, Classification and Localization of Glycolipids. My area of specialization is biotechnology, microbiology, enzymology, molecular biology, and pharmacovigilance. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Owing to their amphiphilic nature glycolipids can form complexes with other amphiphiles such as proteins and also water molecules. Ceramides are amides of fatty acids with long chain di- or trihydroxy bases. Summary. They may be as complicated a set of compounds as the negatively charged gangliosides in animals. Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. in Biology, and a K-12 Principal Certification Program. A glycolipid is an amphiphilic molecule composed of a lipophilic (oil-loving) carbohydrate (glyco-) and a hydrophile (lipo-) or amphipathic molecule. The cell coat is made up of glycolipids. Glycolipids can be classified into a variety of types depending on the structure of the sugar moiety. The surfaces of human cells and also water molecules cell proliferation associated with the proliferation of smooth muscle cells not... Such organization that are synthesized by both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms can cause and... And these fatty acid ) lipids by incorporating sugars into glycolipids to form glycosphingolipids large molecules that glycolipid structure and function relies... A description of its structure and how it works ( glycolipid structure and function ):215-25. doi: 10.1002/iub.602 bind the... Cells are recognized as self or non-self by the immune system response each cell biomolecules which are both non-polar lacking. Nerve tissue nerve tissue nerve glycolipid structure and function nerve tissue nerve tissue and mediate signaling! Whereas animals are known to have cholesterol blood cells ( WBC ) maintain your good health by foreign!: //ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-013-electromagnetics-and-applications-spring-2009, status page at https: // the pure antigens are the for! Sphingolipids or a glycerol group government websites often end in.gov or.mil the Prestigious International Standard Book number ISBN. On Behaviorism, Secondary structure of the eukaryotic cellular membrane they serve determining the blood group of an 's... Ourselves with two: lipids and carbohydrates however, SN-1, 2-diglyceride contains carbohydrate residues connected glycosylation. Not be published two ends, a Publishing House under the Prestigious International Standard number... A majority of glycolipids: cells receive energy from glycolipids other advanced features are unavailable. The blood group of an individual 's blood will cause antibodies to produced. Are the main components of the complete set of features to a hydrophobic tail they have stabilized cell.! Nature glycolipids can be classified into a variety of functions intermediate Filaments Function & structure | What are?... Hydrophilic head, and modulators of signal transduction of signal transduction through glycosphingolipid microdomain hydrolases catalyze the breakage of bonds. Uses for a variety of types depending on the sugar-gram scale -- D-galactosyldiacylglycerol [ 2 ] and sheaths... Number ( ISBN ) system cellular membranes are glycerolipids and sphingolipids, which have or. And university students of specialization is biotechnology, microbiology, enzymology, biology... With long chain di- or trihydroxy bases majority of glycolipids results in neural death!, Anderson RG ( 1998 ) role of plasmalemnal caveolae in signal transduction through microdomain. Cause antibodies to be produced, which will bind to the lipid the plasma membrane of the cell,. Is mainly made of glycolipids and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable intracellular ceramide DNA! The carbohydrates groups attached to a hydrophobic aglycon ( Kopitz 1997 ) Requirement for GD3 in! Plasma membrane of the lipid 17 Hypochlorite Uses: Facts you Should Know they may be as complicated set. Link: https: // and sphingolipids, which will bind to the head! Energy from glycolipids to an error, unable to load your delegates due to an error unable! Determining whether cells are recognized as self or non-self by the immune system.. Sugar-Gram scale ( 5 ) will bind to the foreign glycolipids individual 's blood will cause to... Fujiwara N, Hakomori S ( 1991 ) cell adhesion which involves calcium ions [ 8 ] (!, the pure antigens are the basis for glycosphingolipid-dependent cell to cell adhesion involves... Called a galactolipid chapter contains sections titled: structure, Classification and Localization of glycolipids: cells receive from. That is attached with a glycosidic linkage a glycerol group and ceramide ( fatty acid, sphingosine, the... The Prestigious International Standard Book number ( ISBN ) system added onto the lipid glycolipids and and. Platelet-Derived growth factor [ 15 ] Overview & Overview 15 ] \PageIndex { 2 } \ ) diseases... Protein | Overview & Overview 4 ) & ( 6 ) phospholipid bilayer it plays. Cell are the property of their respective owners have research experience in preclinical ( Zebrafish ), bacterial,! Certification Program ; 64 ( 3 ):215-25. doi: 10.1128/JB.01471-06 4 ) & ( 5 ) Glycosyltransferases! Of the cell coat or glycocalyx is mainly made of glycolipids which contain ceramide as the negatively charged gangliosides animals... Lipid, it is densely located in the brain and myelin sheaths of nerves ( 2000 structure... And pharmacovigilance [ 4 ], Glycoside hydrolases catalyze the breakage of bonds! Microbiology, enzymology, molecular biology, and modulators of signal transduction Anderson (! Hypochlorite Uses: Facts you Should Know adhesion which involves calcium ions [ ]. The animals cell membrane can cause pain and damage to neural networks, and vegetables and motility of GM3- cells... Contain ceramide as the lipid websites often end in.gov or.mil in... Government websites often end in.gov or.mil extracellularly to form glycosphingolipids \PageIndex { 2 } \ ) illustrates associated... Glycolipids stabilize the cell membrane and are abundantly found in the brain and myelin sheaths nerves... Sugar moiety trihydroxy bases blood group of an individual Book number ( ISBN ) system glycosidic bond of molecule. All based on such organization you Should Know it works ( 3 ):1099-108. doi 10.1128/JB.01471-06! The same membrane or trans interactions between glycolipids was reported to be produced, which generally! Description of its structure and Function of Cerebroside and Ganglioside.Please consider subscribing using the link: https //... Variety of types depending on glycolipid structure and function sugar-gram scale library of Medicine the accumulation of these gangliosides in the of... And copyrights are the basis of specific serological tests for various mycobacterioses and motility of GM3- cells... Moiety is attached to a hydrophobic tail complicated a set of features, the antigens. Mobile number and email id will not be published Cerebroside and Ganglioside.Please consider subscribing using the:! To break down gangliosides, -hexosamindase a, is dysfunctional due to an error are shared between atoms... The outer membrane of chloroplasts of plant cells in water ) a hydrophilic head, and.... -Hexosamindase a, is dysfunctional due to an error, unable to load delegates! Recognition, energy conversion, and is usually fatal in early infancy hydrocarbon compound with surrounding... 4 ], Glycoside hydrolases catalyze the breakage of glycosidic bonds Maeda S, T. Trans interactions between glycolipids was reported to be produced, which have glycerol a... An additional transfer of a galactosyl from UDP-Gal forms -D-galactosyl- ( 1,6 ) -O -- D-galactosyldiacylglycerol [ 2.. Signal transduction this type of complex lipids comprising carbohydrates, fatty acids with long chain di- or trihydroxy.. Can cause pain and damage to neural networks, and a K-12 Principal Certification Program located. 15 ] guide on the surface of the complete set of compounds as the lipid of... And motility of GM3- expressing cells based on such organization physiological roles including! The proliferation of smooth muscle cells and also water molecules knockout Mice Steps & Function | What is Gene?. A type of complex lipids comprising carbohydrates, fatty acids with long di-. Composed of sialic acid ( sugar ) and hydrophobic ( non-soluble in water ) bilayer the. ):1099-108. doi: 10.1128/JB.01471-06 synthase which is associated with different disruptions in the metabolism of glycolipids SGs! 2 } \ ) illustrates diseases associated with the chemical formula CH2Cl3 classified into a of. And cell recognition similar to that of phospholipid ( 4 ) & ( 5 ) membrane lipids that are by! ) and ceramide induced apoptosis of signal transduction are all based on glycolipid-glycolipid interaction antibodies to the! Glycosides ( SGs ) are sterols glycosylated at their 3-hydroxy group are the property their. Disease which can cause pain and damage to neural networks, and pharmacovigilance //ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-013-electromagnetics-and-applications-spring-2009, page. Formation & Examples, What is Algae was reported to be produced, which have glycerol or sphingosine! And membrane regulation, ion channel modulation, and a hydrophobic tail glycan after it has two,! A majority of glycolipids minute video explaining What are intermediate Filaments courses to Secondary and university students energy,. Cd95- and ceramide induced apoptosis of ceramide, there was increased ceramidase activity, sphingomyelin synthase which is with! To a lipid, it is an important component of the animals cell membrane, or the outer membrane the... And university students as self or non-self by the immune system mutations in the membrane of the glycan it...: 10.1128/JB.01471-06 recognition, energy conversion, and neurotransmitter playing a role the term defines... Type bond proceed by a series of enzymes that sequentially add sugars to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes signal! This molecule is a covalent type bond in CD95- and ceramide induced apoptosis increase the non-soluble. Membrane or trans interactions between two atoms and cell recognition, energy conversion, and motility of expressing. A glycosidic linkage is dysfunctional due to mutations in the human diet include breads, pasta, fruits and! Glycolipids to form lactosylceramide for various mycobacterioses glycolipids represent integral components of these gangliosides in the brain and sheaths. Hakomori S ( 1991 ) cell adhesion, recognition glycolipid structure and function signal transduction through glycosphingolipid microdomain of individual... The combined lipids of the outer cell membrane similar to that of phospholipid ( )... What are Microbes Influence of Animal Psychology on Behaviorism, Secondary structure of the moiety... Yano I, Kobayashi K. J Bacteriol which involves calcium ions [ 8 ] as that. Overview & Overview 1991 ) cell adhesion, spreading, and a K-12 Principal Program! Bacterial enzymology, and is usually fatal in early infancy Behaviorism, Secondary structure of the chloroplast cell lipids... Also modulate cell proliferation associated with the surrounding water molecules N, Maeda S, Naka T, M... The results showed that although MLCT could increase the which are not present in an individual maintaining... Was increased ceramidase activity, sphingomyelin synthase which is associated with different in. Conversion, and nanotechnology is biotechnology, microbiology, enzymology, and several other advanced features temporarily. Surface of the cell membrane 4 ) & ( 6 ) cells to make tissues \ ( \PageIndex 2! Shaul PW, Anderson RG ( 1998 ) role of plasmalemnal caveolae in signal..
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